Toulmin Model

The Toulmin Method provides a framework for critiquing and analyzing arguments. It is divided into six sections: claim (the main point that you are trying to make), data (the evidence and facts that you have to support your claim), warrant (how the data you have connects and leads to the claim), backing (support for the warrant), qualifier (measures the strength of the warrant), and rebuttal (exceptions to or limitations on your claim).

Constructing your arguments this way allows for an effective way in which to form your arguments online. You can evaluate the strength of both your own and other people's arguments by comparing them to each of these components. A hypothetical example of the Toulmin method strengthening an argument online could go something like this: 

Person A posts a picture of their golden retriever online, and claims that "Goldens are the best dog breed!"

Person B, a King Charles spaniel owner, sees the post and disagrees. They use the Toulmin method to structure their argument and say "I think King Charles spaniels are the best dog breed (claim) because they are one of the friendliest breeds and are easy to train according to the American Kennel Club (data), which makes them an ideal breed for families (warrant). Having a friendly dog is important to most people (backing) and while some other breeds have these qualities too (qualifier), King Charles spaniels are still the best option for families looking for a pet (rebuttal).

(By the way - as someone who owns both, I can confirm neither breed is better than the other. Here’s a pic of them both being the best girls.)

Though the Toulmin method was effective in arguing person B’s point in this instance, the Toulin method is not without its drawbacks. One issue with using this method is that it can oversimplify complex arguments, and can also make it difficult to counter-argue, which is a critical aspect of productive arguing. Online in particular - it is also easy to let your emotions get in the way of your arguing and to seek out arguments that you agree with (in fact, most social media algorithms suggest content for you based on what you’ve already engaged with), which can make counterarguments virtually nonexistent. Users can navigate this by sticking to facts when they argue online and trying not to let their emotions get the better of them. It is also important to listen to both sides of online arguments, in order to get a more holistic view of the scenario at hand.

Critical thinking skills and information literacy are incredibly important in regards to using the Toulmin method in online settings. These qualities allow users to analyze the arguments that they are engaging with, through things like determining the validity of claims and the credibility of evidence and data being presented.